DIALOGUE 1

1. The Dialogue

Anne               : Does this bus go to the university?

Bus Driver       : Yes miss

Anne               : How much is that?

Bus Driver       : Single or day trip?

Anne               : Sorry?

Bus Driver       : Are you coming back today?

Anne               : Yes

Bus Driver       : How long will you be at the university?

Anne               : I’m not sure. An hour perhaps.

Bus Driver          : A single will do. You can use the same ticket to come back. That’s three dollars.

Anne                  : How far is it?

Bus Driver          : Not far. About four kilometers from here.

Anne                  : How many stop is it?

Bus Driver          : About ten.

Anne                  : Thank you. She moves in and sits down. The bus stops outside the university.

Bus Driver          : University! This is your stop miss.

Anne                  : Oh, thank you. Where do I catch the bus to go back?

Bus Driver          : Just across the street. Over there.

Anne                  : How often do the buses come?

Bus Driver          : Every twenty minutes. You won’t have to wait long. It’s 10.30, the next one’s at 10.40, and then 11 o’clock.

Anne                  : Thanks. Goodbye.

Bus Driver          : Have a good day.

(Source: Living English, episode: 21, Emperor Edutainment)

1. The Analysis

This dialogue is between Anne Lee, the passenger, and the bus driver in Australia. They also do not know each other and just meet at the bus which Anne entered. Anne and the bus driver use informal language. It means they do not use formal language and do not concern with the grammar they used. It can be seen in the passage: “About four kilometers from here.” This conversation is also done in the bus. This dialogue is taken from the Living English DVD episode 21, produced by Emperor Edutainment. This DVD is delivered to the students to study English. Then, this episode is purposed to teach how is in the pubic transportation, such as bus and train.

It is believed that in the conversation must be a cooperative activity between people who are dialogue. It means the people dialogue must respond each other and one of them does not just keep silence. Paul Grice stated that the cooperative between people who are dialogue can be seen through the Cooperative Principle. Grice also stated that in the Cooperative Principle there are four maxims, i.e.:

1. Maxim of quantity      : give as much information as needed
2. Maxim of quality        : speak truthfully
3. Maxim of relevance    : say things that are relevant
4. Maxim of manner        : say things clearly and briefly (Ghozali, General Linguistics hand out)

Then, the conversation that suitable with those maxims is god based on the Cooperative Principle. However, conversation that breaks the maxims does not mean bad conversation; it is not relevant, not clear, not brief, and ambiguous.

Furthermore, the conversation above if it is analyzed using those maxims can be seen as follows:

1. Maxim of quantity

The conversation above does not break the rule of maxim of quantity. It means Anne and the bus driver give as much information as needed. It can be seen in the passage:

” Anne                : How far is it?

Bus Driver          : Not far. About four kilometers from here.

Anne                  : How many stop is it?

Bus Driver          : About ten.”

and also in the passage:

“Anne                 : Oh, thank you. Where do I catch the bus to go back?

Bus Driver          : Just across the street. Over there.

Anne                  : How often do the buses come?

Bus Driver          : Every twenty minutes. You won’t have to wait long. It’s 10.30, the next one’s at 10.40, and then 11 o’clock.”

1. Maxim of quality

The conversation above does not break the rule of maxim of quality. It can be seen that the bus driver always says the truth and never lie to Anne. The example is:

“Bus Driver     : Are you coming back today?

Anne               : Yes

Bus Driver       : How long will you be at the university?

Anne               : I’m not sure. An hour perhaps.

Bus Driver          : A single will do. You can use the same ticket to come back. That’s three dollars.

…

Bus Driver          : University! This is your stop miss.

Anne                  : Oh, thank you. Where do I catch the bus to go back?

Bus Driver          : Just across the street. Over there.”

1. Maxim of relevance

The conversation above breaks the rule of maxim of relevance. The reason is Anne and the bus driver come different culture background. Anne is a Singapore and the bus driver is an Australian. That makes them does not have relevancy on the conversation. It can be seen on the passage:

“Anne              : How much is that?

Bus Driver       : Single or day trip?

Anne               : Sorry?”

The passage above shows that Anne asked the cost of the bus to the university, however the bus driver responded it by asking if Anne would use single or day trip. Anne did not understand with the meaning of single and day trip, so she responded by saying sorry. Those show that there is no relevancy between Anne and the bus driver.

1. Maxim of manner

The conversation above does not break the rule of maxim of manner. It is because the conversation done in brief and clear sentence. It can be seen in the passage:

“Anne                 : How far is it?

Bus Driver          : Not far. About four kilometers from here.

Anne                  : How many stop is it?

Bus Driver          : About ten.”

Furthermore, Austin said that there are two meanings of each utterance. They are Locutionary meaning and illocutionary meaning. Locutionary meaning is the real meaning of the utterances, then the illocutionary meaning is the intended meaning or the speaker’s meaning (Ghozali, General Linguistics hand out). It means that locutionary meaning is the meaning that people believe in daily conversation. Different with locutionary meaning, illocutionary meaning is the meaning of its speaker, so someone who knows the meaning of the utterance is the speaker itself. It might the hearer does not know the meaning of illocutionary of one’s speaker.

On the conversation above, it is also can be seen the locutionary and illocutionary meaning of the utterances. They are:

no	Utterances	Locutionary Meaning	Illocutionary Meaning
1	Single or day trip?	Asking the kind of trip taken	Finding out the cost
2	Sorry?	Saying excuse	Asking the meaning of single and day trip and need information about that.

In addition, according to Hyme’s type of anaysis, the conversation above can be found out as follows:

S	Location Time Situation	It is located at the bus. It is done at morning around 10 o’clock. The situation is personal and informal.
P	Participants Benefit	The participants of the conversation are Anne Lee, the passenger, and the bus driver. It gives the benefit about trip using bus in Adelaide.
E	Goal	The goal of the conversation is find out the trip using bus in Adelaide, Australia.
A	Act of sequence	The speech act of the conversation is representative. It is because this conversation describes something, i.e.: the type of trip using bus and the schedule of the bus.
K	Emotional	The emotional of the conversation is serious.
I	Instrument	The instrument in this conversation is bus and the bus schedule.
N	Rule of interaction Norm of interpretation	The rule of interaction in this conversation is accepted and the conversation is done properly because the participants give respond properly to the other. The participants of the conversation are two people who do not know each other and they come from different culture. That makes them do not have the same understanding about the kind of trip Anne will take. Through the conversation, they also share knowledge, i.e.: “Anne              : How much is that? Bus Driver       : Single or day trip? Anne               : Sorry? Bus Driver       : Are you coming back today? Anne               : Yes Bus Driver       : How long will you be at the university? Anne               : I’m not sure. An hour perhaps. Bus Driver       : A single will do. You can use the same ticket to come back. That’s three dollars.”
G	Type of event	This conversation is taken from a story of Living English.

Finally, in short it can be said that the conversation above break the maxim of relevance and suitable with the other maxims. Then, some of the utterances also have illocutionary meaning besides the locutionary meaning. This conversation also can be analysis using Hyme’s analysis as serve above.